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In this equation, PL dB ( d 0 ) is the path loss at the reference distance d 0.

Pathloss 5 Software Bluetooth Core Specifications

Path Loss Modeling in BLE Network The Bluetooth Core Specifications 1 defined by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) introduced BLE to enable low-power short-range communication.

BLE devices operate in the globally unlicensed industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band in a frequency range from 2.4 GHz to 2.485 GHz.

BLE specifies a channel spacing of 2 MHz, resulting in 40 RF channels.

The prominent applications of BLE include direction finding services and building intelligent internet of things (IoT) solutions to facilitate home, commercial, and industrial automation.

For more information about direction finding services in BLE, see the Bluetooth Location and Direction Finding topic.

In past few years, there has been a significant increase in designing BLE networks for a plethora of use case scenarios.

To achieve high performance and quality in the BLE network, studying the propagation of the BLE signal along the link between the transmitter and the receiver is recommended.

This example shows an end-to-end BLE simulation considering these factors that impact the propagation of BLE signals along the communication link between the transmitter and receiver.

Pathloss 5 Software Code The Waveform

Receiver sensitivity Path loss model Transmit power Antenna gain Receiver Sensitivity Receiver sensitivity is the measure of minimum signal strength at which the receiver can detect, demodulate, and decode the waveform.

The reference sensitivity level specified in the Bluetooth Core Specifications 1 is -70 dBm.

However, the actual sensitivity level for the receiver as per the Bluetooth Core Specifications 1 is defined as the receiver input level for which the BER specified in this table is achieved.

This table shows the actual sensitivity level of the receiver for a given PHY transmission mode.

Path Loss Model Path loss or path attenuation is the decline in the power density of a given signal as it propagates from the transmitter to receiver through space.

This reduction in power density occurs naturally over the distance and is impacted by the obstacles present in the environment in which the signal is being transmitted.

The path loss is generally expressed in decibels (dB) and is calculated as: PL dB P t - P r.

Path loss models describe the signal attenuation between the transmitter and receiver based on the propagation distance and other parameters such as frequency, wavelength, path loss exponent, and antenna gains.

The free-space path loss is calculated as: PL dB 20 log ( 4 d ).

In this equation, d is the distance between the transmitter and receiver.

Log-Distance Path Loss Model A log-distance path loss model reflects the path loss that a signal encounters in an indoor environment such as a building.

In this equation, PL 0 is the path loss at the reference distance d 0.

Log-Normal Shadowing Path Loss Model The log-normal shadowing model is an extension of log-distance path loss model.

Unlike the log-distance model, the log-normal shadowing model considers the fact that the surrounding environment clutter can be vastly different at two different locations having the same transmitter-receiver separation.

Measurements show that at any transmitter-receiver distance, d, the path loss at a particular location is random and distributed log normally (in dB) about the mean distance dependent value.